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A Just-in-Time Video Primer on Pneumothorax Pathophysiology and Early Management

Nicholas MacDonald, BA^*, Jacob Garcia, BS^*, Gregory C Kane, MD^{^}, Xiao Chi Zhang, MD, MS^† and Dimitrios Papanagnou, MD, MPH^†

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8891J Issue 5:2[mrp_rating_result]

By the end of this module, participants should be able to: 1) review the normal physiology of the pleural space; 2) discuss the pathophysiology of pneumothorax; 3) describe the clinical presentation of pneumothorax; 4) identify pneumothorax on a chest radiograph; and 5) review treatment options for pneumothorax.

Respiratory Lectures

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema

Aubri Charnigo, MD^* and Jennifer Yee, DO^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8C35X Issue 5:2[mrp_rating_result]

At the conclusion of the simulation session, learners will be able to: 1) obtain a thorough history relevant to altitude illnesses; 2) develop a differential for dyspnea in a patient with environmental exposures; 3) discuss prophylaxis and management of HAPE; 4) discuss appropriate disposition of the patient including descent and subsequent appropriate level of care.

Wilderness Respiratory Simulation

An Innovative Inexpensive Portable Pulmonary Edema Intubation Simulator

Joshua D Mastenbrook, MD^*, Neil C Hughes, MD^{^}, William D Fales, MD^* and David T Overton, MD^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8MM1R Issue 5:2[mrp_rating_result]

By the end of the session, learners will be able to: 1. Discuss the pathophysiology of, and immediate stabilization management steps for, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 2. List the indications, contraindications, and risks associated with intubating a patient with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 3. Demonstrate effective communication and teamwork skills to manage the airway of a simulated patient in respiratory distress due to acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 4. Successfully and safely intubate a simulated patient with a difficult airway due to visual obstruction from frothy pulmonary edema secretions.

Procedures Innovations Respiratory

Rapid Airway Narrowing Associated with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Luke Hoffmann, BS^* and Toby Myatt, MD^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J86D3Q Issue 5:2[mrp_rating_result]

Neck X-ray showed nonspecific significant prevertebral soft tissue swelling at the level of the cervical spine, with associated apparent thickening of the epiglottis (yellow arrow), diffuse soft tissue swelling of the neck (red arrows) and tracheal airway narrowing (light blue arrow). The computed tomography imaging of the neck was significant for multiple conglomerating pathological lymph nodes with a significant mass effect (orange arrows) compressing the right internal jugular vein (green arrow).

Hematology/Oncology Respiratory Visual EM

Pulseless Electrical Activity Cardiac Arrest

Erik Sembroski, MD^*, Christopher M McDowell, MD^{^} and Matthew M Mannion, BA^{^}

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8Z055 Issue 5:1[mrp_rating_result]

After competing this simulation-based session, the learner will be able to: 1) Identify PEA arrest; 2) review the ACLS commonly recognized PEA arrest etiologies via the H &T mnemonic; 3) review and discuss the risks and benefits of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for massive PE.

Cardiology/Vascular Respiratory Simulation

A Comprehensive Course for Teaching Emergency Cricothyrotomy

Brandon Backlund, MD^*, Richard Utarnachitt, MD^*, Joshua Jauregui, MD^* and Taketo Watase, MD^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8JS9W Issue 5:1[mrp_rating_result]

After completing this activity, the learner will be able to: 1) correctly describe the indications for and contraindications to emergency cricothyrotomy; 2) correctly describe and identify on the simulator the anatomic landmarks involved in emergency cricothyrotomy; 3) correctly list the required equipment and the sequence of the steps for the “standard” and “minimalist” variations of the procedure; 4) demonstrate proper technique when performing a cricothyrotomy on the simulator without prompts or pauses.

Procedures Respiratory Small Group Learning

Case Report of the Unusual Presentation of Stridor in an Elderly Patient Following a Cervical Fracture

Benjamin Travers, BS^*, Rachel Dearden, MD^{^}, Shanna Jones, MD^{^}, and Michael Opsommer, MD^{^}

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8V926 Issue 5:1[mrp_rating_result]

The cervical CT was significant for a transverse fracture through the C4 vertebral body (see red arrow), lateral facet (green arrow), spinous process (blue arrow), and right lamina (purple arrow) as well as surrounding edema and retropharyngeal thickening (yellow line), best appreciated on sagittal view.

Visual EM Orthopedics Respiratory

Status Asthmaticus

Reid Honda, MD^* and C Eric McCoy, MD, MPH^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8JW6S Issue 4:4[mrp_rating_result]

At the end of this case, the learners should be able to diagnose an asthma exacerbation, provide the appropriate medications, determine when intubation is necessary, and describe the general principles of ventilator management in an asthmatic patient.

Respiratory Simulation

Emergency Medicine Curriculum Utilizing the Flipped Classroom Method: Pulmonary Emergencies

Lauren D Branditz, MD^*, Andrew King, MD^*, Colin Kaide, MD^*, Jennifer Mitzman, MD^{*^}, Benjamin Ostro, MD^*, Daniel R Martin, MD, MBA^*, Nicholas Kman, MD^*, David Bahner, MD^*, Howard Werman, MD^*, Tatiana Thema, MD^* and Michael Barrie, MD^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8F646Issue 4:4[mrp_rating_result]

The educational strategies used in this curriculum include small group case-based modules authored by education faculty and content experts based on the core emergency medicine content outlined in the ABEM Model EM curriculum. The Socratic method, used during small group sessions, encourages active participation; small groups also focus on the synthesis and application of knowledge through the discussion of clinical experiences. The use of free open access medical education (FOAM) resources allows learners to work at their own pace and maximize autonomy. Learners are encouraged to use such resources for preparation prior to small group sessions, and also to review and help solidify important points after the conclusion of in-person discussions.

Respiratory Curriculum

Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) Pneumonia

Brian Knight, BS^*, Jonathan Patane, MD^* and Robert Katzer, MD, MBA^*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8RW6NIssue 4:2[mrp_rating_result]

Chest X-ray showed diffuse, patchy interstitial and alveolar infiltrates bilaterally concerning for Pneumocystis jirovecii(previously Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PJP). The AP radiograph (top left figure) showed the classic “bat-wing” distribution on the left side. Repeat radiograph (bottom figure) one day after admission showed worsening of the infiltrates.

Infectious Disease Respiratory Visual EM

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