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Build Your Own Eye: A Method for Teaching Ocular Anatomy and Pathophysiology

Alaina Brinley Rajagopal, MD, PhD*, Mark Joseph Slader, BS* and Megan Boysen Osborn, MD, MHPE*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8GS8W Issue 5:3 No ratings yet.
By the end of this session the participant will be able to: 1) Describe basic anatomy of the eye, 2) Build a basic model of the eye, 3) Identify which diseases are associated with which parts of the eye, 4) Identify the pathophysiology behind diseases of the eye, 5) Name correct treatment for each disease.
OphthalmologyTeam Based Learning (TBL)

The Eyes Have It: A Low-Cost Model for Corneal Foreign Body Removal Training

Tabitha Ford, MD*, Megan L Fix, MD*, Troy E Madsen, MD* and Susan Stroud, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J82S85 Issue 5:1 No ratings yet.
ABSTRACT: Audience: This corneal foreign body simulator is designed to instruct junior emergency medicine (EM) residents and medical students with an interest in emergency medicine. Introduction: Eye complaints are common in the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 2 million ED visits each year.1 Corneal foreign bodies (CFB) account for approximately 7.5% of these presentations, and many EM providers are
InnovationsOphthalmologyProcedures

Posterior Vitreous Detachment

Hamid Ehsani-Nia, DO* and Christopher Bryczkowski, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J89K9N Issue 4:3 No ratings yet.
Ocular ultrasound was performed and demonstrated a thin, slightly echogenic strand (blue arrow) extending from the posterior eye into the vitreous humor (yellow arrow) which was hyperkinetic with extraocular motion. These findings are consistent with a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Macula-Off Retinal Detachment Identified on Bedside Ultrasound

Colin Prather, MD* and Bryson Hicks, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8WP8KIssue 4:2 No ratings yet.
Point-of-care ultrasound was performed, demonstratinga free-floating, serpiginous, hyperechoic membrane (R) tethered at the optic nerve (ON) and ora serrata (OS), but detached at the macula (M) lateral to the optic nerve. This is diagnostic for macula-off retinal detachment. It can be differentiated from macula-on retinal detachment, in which the hyperechoic retina would appear attached posteriorly at the location of the macula just lateral to the optic nerve. Ophthalmology was consulted, agreed with the diagnosis of macula-off retinal detachment, and took the patient to the OR for laser photocoagulation.
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter

Lauren Ann Selame, MD*and Zachary Risler, MD, MPH*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J84631Issue 4:2 No ratings yet.
Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) was measured via ultrasound with diameter 5.7mm on left and 6.2mm on right. In order to measure ONSD via optic ultrasound the high-frequency linear array probe (7.5-10-MHz or higher) is utilized in B-mode. The patient is positioned supine and an occlusive dressing, such as Tegaderm, is placed over a closed eyelid with copious conductive gel on top of the dressing. Being careful not to put pressure on the globe, an axial cross-sectional image of the globe is obtained. As demonstrated in the image “annotated left eye ONSD pre-lumbar puncture,” there are two main anechoic areas of the globe, the anterior chamber and the vitreous humor. These anechoic structures are separated by the hyperechoic iris, which surfaces the hyper-echoic-lined lens. At the back of the vitreous humor is the retina, which leads posteriorly into the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the hypoechoic structure posterior to the retina and surrounded by the hyperechoic subarachnoid space, which is encased by the hypoechoic dura mater. The outer edge of the hypoechoic dura matter is where the ONSD is measured.1 The user applies calipers to measure 3mm perpendicularly behind the retina along the hypoechoic optic nerve, and at this level the transverse dimensions of the ONSD are measured using calipers as shown in the images.Computed tomography (CT) of the head was performed and showed no abnormalities. Lumbar puncture was performed in left lateral decubitus position revealing elevated opening pressure of 29cm H2O. Thirty-five mL of clear cerebral spinal fluid was drained and was negative for all infectious studies.  Optic nerve sheath diameter was again measured post-lumbar puncture with diameters 5.4mm on left and 5.4mm on right.
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Open Globe with Intraocular Foreign Body

Stephen Weiss, MD*, Dustin Williams, MD*, Yih Ying (Eva) Yuan, MD* and Jo-Ann Nesiama, MD, MS*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8S348 Issue 4:1 No ratings yet.
On physical exam, his extraocular movements were intact. The right anterior chamber appeared cloudy, particularly nasal to the pupil. The conjunctiva of the right eye was injected. The right pupil was 3 mm and sluggishly reactive and appeared slightly irregular (see yellow arrow). Of note, the right eye also had a 1 mm hypopyon, indicating inflammation of the anterior chamber, which was visible on slit lamp examination (not pictured). There was no fluorescein uptake or Seidel sign. His visual acuity was 20/60 OD (right eye) and 20/20 OS (left eye).
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Hypopyon

Chandni Ravi, MD* and Tiffany Murano, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8N92BIssue 4:1 No ratings yet.
Physical examination of the left eye revealed a hypopyon (green arrow) – which is a layered white to yellow sediment in front of the inferior aspect of the iris associated with scleral injection and chemosis. Extraocular movements were intact bilaterally and pain did not worsen with extraocular movement. The pupil was poorly reactive to direct light and only hand movement could be perceived. The intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg.  Slit lamp exam demonstrated a dense cataract. Bedside ocular ultrasound demonstrated vitreous opacities concerning for possible intraocular foreign bodies.
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Corneal Rust Ring

Joseph Zakaria, BS* and Jonathan Peña, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8X067Issue 3:4 No ratings yet.
The photograph reveals a limbic metallic foreign body with a surrounding corneal rust ring (arrow) in the three o’clock position of the left cornea. 
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Bedside Ultrasound of Retinal Detachment in a 19-year-old

Rami San Gabriel, BS*, Maili Alvarado, MD* and Vy Han, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J80W6TIssue 3:3 No ratings yet.
The ocular point of care ultrasound (POCUS) utilizing a high frequency linear probe shows a retinal detachment (RD) with a thick, hyperechoic undulating membrane in the vitreous humor that is anchored at the ora serrata anteriorly and the optic disc posteriorly. Note that the retina is detached all the way to the optic disc making it "mac off." The macula, and more specifically the fovea, is located in the central retina and contains a high concentration of cone photoreceptors responsible for central, high resolution, color vision. In a "mac on" RD, the retina detaches in the periphery but remains intact centrally. This is an ophthalmologic emergency and timely diagnosis and intervention can be vision saving. This patient also has evidence of a posterior vitreous hemorrhage which has a characteristic swirling appearance with kinetic exam on real-time imaging. The detached vitreous body is not as well defined and is not anchored posteriorly to the optic disc.
OphthalmologyVisual EM

Traumatic Hyphema

James Roy Waymack, MD* and Mark Baker, MD*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8Z04SIssue 3:3 No ratings yet.
Upon initial evaluation, the patient had an obvious hyphema in the right eye with associated conjunctival injection. Initially, the bleeding in the anterior chamber was cloudy just above the level of the pupil (yellow arrow), appearing to possibly be a grade II hyphema. There were no other signs of trauma to the eye under Wood’s lamp examination with fluorescein staining. The globe was intact. Intraocular pressure in the affected eye was 19 mmHg and 15 mmHg in the unaffected eye. Extraocular movements were full and intact. The pupil was 4 mm round and reactive to direct and consensual light. Visual acuity was greater than 20/200 in the affected eye compared to 20/25 in the unaffected eye. After an observation period of two hours, with the patient remaining upright, the hyphema had settled down to a rim in the lower anterior chamber (green arrow), a grade I hyphema.
OphthalmologyVisual EM
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