Trimalleolar Fracture

Christopher Gilani and Shannon Toohey, MD, MA

doi:https://doi.org/10.21980/J8PP46

Trimalleolar Fracture

Christopher Gilani^* and Shannon Toohey, MD, MA^*

^*University of California, Irvine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Orange, CA

Correspondence should be addressed to Shannon Toohey, MD, MAEd at stoohey@uci.edu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8PP46 Issue 1:2

Orthopedics Visual EM

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Trimalleolar Fracture, Oblique XRay, Annotated. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Fracture, Lateral XRay, Annotated. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Fracture, Lateral CT, Annotated. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Fracture, AP XRay, Annotated. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Frcture, Transverse CT, Annotated. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Frcture, Transverse CT. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Fracture, Oblique XRay. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Fracture, Lateral XRay. JETem 2016

Trimalleolar Fracture, Lateral CT. JETem 2016

History of present illness:

A 35-year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) with a chief complaint of right ankle pain after a mechanical fall. She complained of intermittent right foot numbness but otherwise denied any numbness or weakness to the right lower extremity. On examination the right ankle was diffusely tender to palpation. She had normal motor function, normal distal pulses, and toes were warm and well perfused. Radiograph imaging was obtained.

Significant findings:

Anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and oblique x-ray views were obtained. The AP view revealed a displaced spiral fracture of the lateral malleolus (red) and a vertical fracture of the medial malleolus (blue). The lateral view revealed a displaced fracture of the posterior malleolus, tibial plafond (yellow), and the oblique view showed widening of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis (green). CT scans confirmed trimalleolar fracture, annotated with the same colored lines (red, lateral malleolus; blue, medial malleolus; yellow, posterior malleolus).

Discussion:

Ankle fractures are a common problem encountered in the ED. The majority of ankle fractures involve the malleolus: 66% are unimalleolar, 25% are bimalleolar, and 7% are trimalleolar.^1-4 In the evaluation of a patient with ankle pain, physicians should ensure that there is no associated neurovascular compromise. Physicians may use the Ottawa ankle rules to determine if radiography is necessary.³ If a trimalleolar fracture is found, an orthopedic surgeon should be consulted to schedule open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgery.⁴

Topics:

Ankle fracture, trimalleolar fracture, orthopedics, ortho, musculoskeletal.

References:

Daly PJ, Fitzgerald RH Jr, Melton LJ, Ilstrup DM. Epidemiology of ankle fractures in Rochester, Minnesota. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987;58:539-544.
Court-Brown CM, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult ankle fractures—an increasing problem? Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69:43-47. doi: 3109/17453679809002355
Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, Nair RC, McDowell I, Worthington JR. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:384-390.
Koehler SM, Eiff P. Overview of ankle fractures in adults. In: Fields KB, ed. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-ankle-fractures-in-adults. Updated December 2015. Accessed September 6, 2016.