Bedside Ultrasound for the Rapid Diagnosis of Fournier’s Gangrene
Correspondence should be addressed to Maili Drachman, MD at maili.alvarado@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21980/J8CP99
History of present illness:
A 39-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes presented to the emergency department with subjective fevers and severe pain in his scrotum. On initial evaluation, the patient was tachycardic with significant swelling and tenderness to his scrotum with associated erythema surrounding a black necrotic plaque and palpable crepitus.
Significant findings:
Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) utilizing a high-frequency linear probe revealed heterogeneous debris with subcutaneous air within the scrotal wall extending into the perineum consistent with necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum or Fournier’s gangrene (FG). The video shows multiple foci of gas that appear as echogenic dots with “dirty shadows” posteriorly from reverberation artifact arising from gas within the soft tissue.
Discussion:
Fournier’s gangrene is a serious manifestation of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal, genital, or perianal region.1 Initially, Fournier’s presents with genital discomfort associated with fevers, erythema, scrotal swelling, and crepitus.2 These signs and symptoms together suggest the presence of soft tissue subcutaneous gas. In FG, the initial bacterial infection results in microthrombosis of subcutaneous vessels which leads to the rapid progression of gangrenous features of the overlying skin.3 Although clinical backgrounds may vary, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, end-stage liver disease, chronic alcoholism, and obesity are some risk factors that may place individuals at higher risk for development of FG.4
Diagnosis of Fournier’s can be difficult due to the limitations of the physical exam and the wide variability of presentation of the disease. Currently, the gold standard for detecting necrotizing soft tissue infections is tissue biopsy.5 However, due to the rapidly progressive nature of FG, POCUS is a favorable initial test in making the diagnosis. POCUS has a sensitivity of 88.2%, a specificity of 93.3%, a positive predictive value of 83.3% and a negative predictive value of 95.4% in diagnosis necrotizing fasciitis.6 Key findings of FG on POCUS include a thickened scrotal wall with echogenic foci of gas with “dirty shadows.” The testes and epididymis are spared due to their separate blood supply.7 POCUS can provide an accurate and more time efficient means of making the diagnosis compared to waiting for computed tomography when confronted with a potential case of FG.
In this case, the patient was hyperglycemic and had a leukocytosis with neutrophilic predominance. Bedside ultrasound was performed which showed evidence of Fournier’s gangrene, and urology and general surgery were emergently consulted. Resuscitation with intravenous (IV) crystalloids and broad spectrum antibiotics was initiated,and the patient taken to the operating room for debridement and packing of his perineum.
Topics:
Fournier’s gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis, perineum, ultrasound, point of care ultrasound.
References:
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